Movable surface models of hand joints using visible korean / Modelos de superficies móviles de articulaciones de manos utilizando visible Korean

SUMMARY: The human hand can make precise movements utilizing several joints of various articular types. To understand hand movements more accurately, it is essential to view the actual movements of bones and muscles considering the X, Y, and Z axes in the joints. This study aimed to investigate the joint movements in a hand using movable surface models, including these axes. These movable surface models of the hand will improve medical students' understanding of hand movements around the joints. To achieve this aim, 70 surface models were adopted from a Visible Korean model. Using Maya software, 20 virtual joints with X, Y, and Z axes included nine distal and proximal interphalangeal joints, five metacarpophalangeal joints, five carpometacarpal joints, and one wrist joint were created. Bone surface models were elaborately polished to maintain their original shape during movement. Muscle surface models were also processed to display the deformation of the muscle shape during movement. The surface models of the hand joints were moved by virtual control of the joints. We saved 87 movable surface models of the hand, including bones, muscles, and joint axes in stereolithography format, and compiled a Portable Document Format (PDF) file. Using the PDF file, the joint movements in a hand could be observed considering the X, Y, and Z axes alongside the stereoscopic shapes of the bones and muscles. These movable surface models of the hand will improve medical students' understanding of hand movements around the joints.

RESUMEN: La mano humana puede realizar movimientos precisos utilizando varias articulaciones de diferentes tipos articulares. Para comprender los movimientos de las manos con mayor precisión, es esencial ver los movimientos reales de los huesos y los músculos considerando los ejes X, Y y Z de las articulaciones. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los movimientos articulares en una mano utilizando modelos de superficies móviles, incluidos estos ejes. Estos modelos de superficie móvil de la mano mejorarán la comprensión de los estudiantes de medicina de los movimientos de la mano alrededor de las articulaciones. Para lograr este objetivo, se adoptaron 70 modelos de superficie de un modelo coreano visible. Con el software Maya, se crearon 20 articulaciones virtuales con ejes X, Y y Z que incluyeron nueve articulaciones interfalángicas distales y proximales, cinco articulaciones metacarpofalángicas, cinco articulaciones carpometacarpianas y una articulación de muñeca. Los modelos de superficie ósea se pulieron minuciosamente para mantener su forma original durante el movimiento. También se procesaron modelos de superficie muscular para mostrar la deformación de la forma del músculo durante el movimiento. Los modelos de superficie de las articulaciones de las manos se movieron mediante el control virtual de las articulaciones. Guardamos 87 modelos de superficies móviles de la mano, incluidos huesos, músculos y ejes articulares en formato de estereolitografía, y compilamos un archivo en formato de documento portátil (PDF). Usando el archivo PDF, los movimientos de las articulaciones en una mano se pueden observar considerando los ejes X, Y y Z junto con las formas estereoscópicas de los huesos y músculos. Estos modelos de superficie móvil de la mano mejorarán la comprensión de los estudiantes de medicina sobre los movimientos de la mano alrededor de las articulaciones.

New Viewpoint of Surface Anatomy Using the Curved Sectional Planes of a Male Cadaver

BACKGROUND: The curved sectional planes of the human body can provide a new approach of surface anatomy that the classical horizontal, coronal, and sagittal planes cannot do. The purpose of this study was to verify whether the curved sectional planes contribute to the morphological comprehension of anatomical structures. METHODS: By stacking the sectioned images of a male cadaver, a volume model of the right half body was produced (voxel size 1 mm). The sectioned images with the segmentation data were also used to build another volume model. The volume models were peeled and rotated to be screen captured. The captured images were loaded on user-friendly browsing software that had been made in the laboratory. RESULTS: The browsing software was downloadable from the authors' homepage (anatomy.co.kr). On the software, the volume model was peeled at 1 mm thicknesses and rotated at 30 degrees. Since the volume models were made from the cadaveric images, actual colors of the structures were displayed in high resolution. Thanks to the segmentation data, the structures on the volume model could be automatically annotated. Using the software, the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the internal jugular vein in the neck region, the cubital fossa in the upper limb region, and the femoral triangle in the lower limb region were observed to be described. CONCLUSION: For the students learning various medical procedures, the software presents the needed graphic information of the human body. The curved sectional planes are expected to be a tool for disciplinary convergence of the sectional anatomy and surface anatomy.

Real-Color Volume Models Made from Real-Color Sectioned Images of Visible Korean

BACKGROUND: Volume models made from magnetic resonance images on computed tomographs can produce horizontal, coronal, sagittal, and oblique planes that are used widely in clinics, although detailed structures cannot be identified. Existing real color volume models are mostly commercial and their production methods have not been released. The aim of this study was to distribute free of charge, real-color volume models produced from sectioned images with the production method. METHODS: The original voxel size of sectioned images was increased appropriately so that the volume model could be handled by typical personal computers. By using Dicom Browser and MRIcroGL, the sectioned images were processed to become the volume models. RESULTS: On the MRIcroGL, the resultant volume model with the voxel size of 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.5 mm3 could be displayed and freely rotated. By adjusting variables of the software, desired oblique planes could be produced instantly. With overlay function, a model of segmented structure can be overlapped to the entire volume models. The sectioned images with high quality and the segmentation data of Visible Korean enabled the identification of detailed anatomical structures on the planes. CONCLUSION: The volume models can be used by medical students and doctors for learning sectional anatomy. Other researchers can utilize the method of this study to produce volume models from their own sectioned images.

Automatic 3D modeling of liver segments including segmental branches of portal triad and hepatic vein based on the sectioned-images / Modelado 3D automático de segmentos hepáticos, con las ramas segmentarias de la tríada portal y la vena hepática basadas en las imágenes seccionadas

SUMMARY: The liver dimensional (3D) models, consists of eight segments including portal triad (portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct), are necessary because it is difficult to dissect a liver and its inner structures. But it is difficult to produce 3D models from high resolution and color sectioned-images. This study presents automatic and accurate methods for producing liver 3D models from the sectionedimages. Based on the sectioned-images and color-filled-images of the liver, a 3D model including both the portal triad and hepatic vein was made. Referring to the 3D model, 3D models of liver's eight segments including the segmental branches of the portal triad and hepatic vein were completed and saved as STL format. All STL files were combined and saved as Liver-3D in PDF format for the common user. By functional subdivision of liver, the Liver-3D was divided into left (segments II, III, and, IV) and right (segments V, VI, VII, and VIII) liver in bookmark window of the PDF file. In addition, in Liver-3D, the primary to tertiary segmental branches of the portal triad could be shown in different colors. Owing to the difficulty of 3D modeling of liver including eight segments and segmental branches of the portal triad and hepatic, we started this research to find automatic methods for producing 3D models. The methods for producing liver 3D models will assist in 2D selection and 3D modeling of other complicated structures.

RESUMEN: Los modelos hepáticos dimensionales (3D) consisten en ocho segmentos que incluyen la tríada portal (vena porta, arteria hepática y conducto biliar), y son necesarios ya que es difícil disecar un hígado y sus estructuras internas. Sin embargo, es difícil producir modelos 3D a partir de imágenes en alta resolución e imágenes seccionadas en color. Este estudio presenta métodos automáticos y precisos para producir modelos 3D de hígado a partir de las imágenes seccionadas. Sobre la base de las imágenes seccionadas y las imágenes del hígado llenas de color, se realizó un modelo 3D que incluía tanto la tríada portal como la vena hepática. En referencia al modelo 3D, se completaron modelos 3D de los ocho segmentos del hígado que incluían las ramas segmentarias de la tríada portal y la vena hepática y se guardaron como formato STL. Todos los archivos STL fueron combinados y guardados como Liver-3D en formato PDF para el usuario común. Por subdivisión funcional del hígado, el hígado-3D se dividió en hígado izquierdo (segmentos II, III y IV) y derecho (segmentos V, VI, VII y VIII) en la ventana de marcador del archivo PDF. Además, en Liver-3D, las ramas segmentarias primarias a terciarias de la tríada portal podrían mostrarse en diferentes colores. Debido a la dificultad del modelado 3D del hígado, incluidos ocho segmentos y ramas segmentarias de la tríada portal y hepática, comenzamos esta investigación para encontrar métodos automáticos para producir modelos 3D. Los métodos para producir modelos 3D de hígado ayudarán en la selección 2D y el modelado 3D de otras estructuras complicadas.

Sectioned images of a cat head to contribute to learning of its sectional anatomy / Imágenes seccionadas de una cabeza de gato para contribuir al conocimiento de su anatomía seccional

The sectional anatomy of a cat head is essential when interpreting CTs and MRIs of the region. In learning the sectional anatomy, sectioned images of a cat could be quite effective data. The main objective was to assist veterinary physicians who learn the sectional anatomy of a cat head by presenting high-quality sectioned images. A short-haired female cat was frozen and sectioned frontally using a cryomacrotome. Every sectioned surface in real body color was photographed with a digital camera. The frontal planes were stacked to produce dorsal and sagittal planes. High-quality sectioned images of a cat head allowed the identification of small, complicated structures. The notable structures were as follows: each bone of the cranium, structures of the brain, tympanic cavity (larger than human), oval window (larger than human), vestibular nerve, cochlear nerve, ear ossicles, six extraocular muscles, pupil (larger than human), retractor bulbi muscle (not found in human), optic nerve, olfactory bulb (considerably large), vomeronasal organ duct (not found in human), infraorbital gland (not found in human), masticatory muscles (larger than human), maxillary nerve (larger than human), and mandibular nerve. This pacesetting report describes the detailed head structures of a cat from the viewpoint of sectional anatomy. The sectioned images will be given to other interested researchers free of charge.

El conocimiento de la anatomía seccional de cabeza de gato es esencial para interpretar estudios por tomografía computada y resonancia magnética de la región. En el conocimiento de esta anatomía seccional, las imágenes seccionadas de un gato podrían aportar datos bastante efectivos. El objetivo principal consistió en ayudar a los médicos veterinarios para que aprendan la anatomía seccional de una cabeza de gato mediante la presentación de imágenes seccionadas de alta calidad. Una gata de pelo corto fue congelada y seccionada frontalmente usando un criomicrótomo. Cada sección, con el color real del cuerpo, fue fotografiada con una cámara digital. Los planos frontales se apilaron para producir planos dorsales y sagitales. Las imágenes seccionadas de alta calidad de una cabeza de gato permitieron la identificación de estructuras pequeñas y de dificil visualización. Las estructuras destacadas fueron las siguientes: cada hueso del cráneo, las estructuras del cerebro, la cavidad timpánica (más grande que en el humano), la ventana oval (más grande que en el humano), el nervio vestibular, el nervio coclear, los huesecillos del oído, seis músculos extraoculares, la pupila, el músculo retractor del ojo (no se encuentra en el ser humano), nervio óptico, bulbo olfatorio (considerablemente grande), conducto del órgano vomeronasal (no se encuentra en el ser humano), glándula infraorbitaria (no se encuentra en los humanos), músculos masticatorios (más grandes que en el humano), nervio maxilar (más grande que en el humano) y nervio mandibular. En este trabajo describimos detalladamente, desde el punto de vista de la anatomía seccional, las estructuras de la cabeza de un gato. Las imágenes seccionadas estarán a disponibles para otros investigadores en forma gratuita.

Homepage to distribute the anatomy learning contents including Visible Korean products, comics, and books / 대한해부학회지

The authors have operated the homepage (http://anatomy.co.kr) to provide the learning contents of anatomy. From the homepage, sectioned images, volume models, and surface models—all Visible Korean products—can be downloaded. The realistic images can be interactively manipulated, which will give rise to the interest in anatomy. The various anatomy comics (learning comics, comic strips, plastination comics, etc.) are approachable. Visitors can obtain the regional anatomy book with concise contents, mnemonics, and schematics as well as the simplified dissection manual and the pleasant anatomy essay. Medical students, health allied professional students, and even laypeople are expected to utilize the easy and comforting anatomy contents. It is hoped that other anatomists successively produce and distribute their own informative contents.

Three Software Tools for Viewing Sectional Planes, Volume Models, and Surface Models of a Cadaver Hand

BACKGROUND: The hand anatomy, including the complicated hand muscles, can be grasped by using computer-assisted learning tools with high quality two-dimensional images and three-dimensional models. The purpose of this study was to present up-to-date software tools that promote learning of stereoscopic morphology of the hand. METHODS: On the basis of horizontal sectioned images and outlined images of a male cadaver, vertical planes, volume models, and surface models were elaborated. Software to browse pairs of the sectioned and outlined images in orthogonal planes and software to peel and rotate the volume models, as well as a portable document format (PDF) file to select and rotate the surface models, were produced. RESULTS: All of the software tools were downloadable free of charge and usable off-line. The three types of tools for viewing multiple aspects of the hand could be adequately employed according to individual needs. CONCLUSION: These new tools involving the realistic images of a cadaver and the diverse functions are expected to improve comprehensive knowledge of the hand shape.

Browsing software of the head sectioned images for the android mobile device / Software de navegación para el dispositivo móvil android de imágenes seccionadas de cabeza

SUMMARY: The purpose of this research was to enable anyone to learn the sectional anatomy of the head anywhere, anytime by presenting software to browse sectioned images on a Google Android mobile device. Among the 2,343 sectioned images at 0.1 mm intervals, 234 sectioned images at 1 mm intervals were chosen. The corresponding 234 segmented images containing 236 head structures were selected. The software of the mobile version was programmed and debugged in the Java programming language. The folders of the sectioned images and segmented images and the txt file of the segmentation data were arranged in the source code of the software. The software was distributed free of charge at the homepage (neuroanatomy.kr) and Google Play Store. After installing the software, the sectioned images and corresponding segmented images could be browsed by touching and swiping the screen. In the medical category of the Google Play Store, the software earned a good reputation. The software of the Android mobile version was usable regardless of the time and place. The software is under the authors' non-commercial policy. Other investigators may modify the mobile software to browse their own images. The mobile version of the software will aid medical students and doctors in learning sectional anatomy.

RESUMEN: El propósito de esta investigación fue permitir que toda persona aprendiera la anatomía de secciones de la cabeza, en cualquier lugar y en cualquier momento, a través de un software para examinar imágenes seccionadas en un dispositivo móvil Android de Google. De las 2.343 imágenes seccionadas a intervalos de 0,1 mm, se seleccionaron 234 imágenes seccionadas a intervalos de 1 mm. Se seleccionaron las 234 imágenes segmentadas que contenían 236 estructuras de cabeza. El software de la versión móvil fue programado y depurado en el lenguaje de programación Java. Las carpetas de las imágenes seccionadas y las imágenes segmentadas y el archivo .txt de los datos de segmentación se organizaron en el código fuente del software. El software se distribuyó gratuitamente en la página principal (neuroanatomy.kr) y Google Play Store. Después de instalar el software, las imágenes seccionadas y las imágenes segmentadas correspondientes se pueden navegar tocando y deslizando la pantalla. En la categoría médica de Google Play Store, el software obtuvo buena recepción. El software de la versión móvil de Android fue utilizado independientemente de la hora y el lugar. El software está bajo la política no comercial de los autores. Otros investigadores pueden modificar el software móvil para navegar por sus propias imágenes. La versión móvil del software ayudará a los estudiantes de medicina y los médicos en el aprendizaje de la anatomía seccional.

Integrated comics and visible korean movies for laypeople's learning of systemic anatomy / Cómics integrados y películas coreanas visibles para el aprendizaje de la anatomía sistémica por personas no expertas

The aim of this research was to help the general population learn basic anatomy by providing easy and intriguing comics and Visible Korean movies. Eight significant systems (skeletal, muscular, digestive, respiratory, urinary, genital, cardiovascular, and nervous systems) were explained by the anatomy learning comics. The learning comics were accompanied by humorous comic strips that introduce various episodes about anatomy. The individual systems were also elucidated by videos of surface models and sectioned images that were made from the cadavers. These videos also include annotations and commentaries aiding anatomy comprehension like the documentary films. For users to conveniently access the wanted contents, software with a simple menu was developed. This free software is operable directly on the homepage (anatomy.co.kr); otherwise, the software is downloadable from the same site to be run off-line. The combined use of multimedia contents will hopefully promote the general population's interest in and knowledge of anatomy.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue ayudar a la población en general en el aprendizaje de la anatomía básica, a través de cómics, fáciles de entender e intrigantes, y de películas coreanas. Ocho sistemas anatómicos (esquelético, muscular, digestivo, respiratorio, urinario, genital, cardiovascular y nervioso) fueron explicados por medio del aprendizaje de la anatomía con cómics. Los cómics fueron acompañados por cómics graciosos que introducen varios episodios sobre anatomía. Los sistemas también fueron explicados a través de videos de modelos de superficie e imágenes seccionadas realizadas a partir de los cadáveres. Estos videos también incluyen anotaciones y comentarios que ayudan a la comprensión de la anatomía. Para que los usuarios accedieran convenientemente al contenido deseado, se desarrolló un software con un menú sencillo. Este software libre puede ser manejado directamente en el sitio web anatomy.co.kr; de lo contrario, el software se puede descargar desde el mismo sitio para ser usado fuera de línea. El uso combinado de contenidos multimedia promoverá el interés de la población en general y el conocimiento de la anatomía.

Improved Software to Browse the Serial Medical Images for Learning

The thousands of serial images used for medical pedagogy cannot be included in a printed book; they also cannot be efficiently handled by ordinary image viewer software. The purpose of this study was to provide browsing software to grasp serial medical images efficiently. The primary function of the newly programmed software was to select images using 3 types of interfaces: buttons or a horizontal scroll bar, a vertical scroll bar, and a checkbox. The secondary function was to show the names of the structures that had been outlined on the images. To confirm the functions of the software, 3 different types of image data of cadavers (sectioned and outlined images, volume models of the stomach, and photos of the dissected knees) were inputted. The browsing software was downloadable for free from the homepage (anatomy.co.kr) and available off-line. The data sets provided could be replaced by any developers for their educational achievements. We anticipate that the software will contribute to medical education by allowing users to browse a variety of images.

Peeled and piled volume models of the stomach made from a cadaver's sectioned images / Modelos de volumen descortezados y apilados del estómago producidos a partir de imágenes seccionales de un cadáver

Diagnosing and treating stomach diseases requires as many of the related anatomy details as possible. The objective of this study based on the sectioned images of cadaver was to offer interested clinicians anatomical knowledge about the stomach and its neighbors from the new viewpoint. For the raw data, sectioned images of a male cadaver without stomach pathology were used. By manual segmentation and automatic interpolation, a high-quality volume model of the stomach was reconstructed. The model was continuously peeled and piled to synthetically reveal the inside and outside of the stomach. The anterior, posterior, right, and left views of the models were compared with a chosen sectioned image. The numerous stomach images were then put into user-friendly browsing software. Some advantages of this study are that the sectioned images reveal real stomach color with high resolution; the peeled and piled volume models result in new features of the stomach and surroundings; and the processed models can be conveniently browsed in the presented software. These image data and tutorial software are expected to be helpful in acquiring supplementary morphologic information on the stomach and related structures.

El diagnóstico y el tratamiento de enfermedades del estómago requieren del conocimiento del mayor número de detalles posible sobre su anatomía. El objetivo de este estudio, basado en secciones de imágenes de cadáver, es ofrecer a los médicos la anatomía del estómago y sus estructuras vecinas desde un nuevo punto de vista. Se utilizaron imágenes de secciones de un cadáver, de sexo masculino, sin patología del estómago. Por segmentación manual y automática de interpolación, se reconstruyó un modelo de volumen de alta calidad del estómago. El modelo fue descortezado y apilado para revelar sintéticamente el interior y exterior del estómago. Se compararon los puntos de vista anterior, posterior, derecho e izquierdo de los modelos en una sección elegida. Las numerosas imágenes del estómago luego fueron puestas en el software de navegación de fácil uso para el profesional. Algunas de las ventajas de este estudio son que las imágenes seccionadas revelan el color real del estómago con alta resolución; los modelos de volumen descortezados y apilados dan lugar a nuevas funciones del estómago y sus estructuras circundantes; y los modelos procesados pueden ser convenientemente navegados en el software presentado. Se espera que estos datos de imagen y el tutorial del programa sean de utilidad para la adquisición de información morfológica complementaria sobre el estómago y las estructuras relacionadas.

Portable Document Format File Containing the Surface Models to Learn the Stereoscopic Shape of Foot Muscles / Archivos en Formato de Documento Portátil con Modelos de Superficie para Aprender la Forma Estereoscópica de los Músculos del Pié

We intended to present a portable document format (PDF) file containing stereoscopic surface models of the foot. While other surface models are subjectively drawn based on anatomical knowledge, our models are reconstructed from high quality sectioned images. Unlike other models, ours in the complimentary PDF file can also be saved on individual user computers to be manipulated off-line. The skin, 27 bones, 24 muscles, and 19 ligaments in the foot were delineated on a male cadaver's sectioned images from the Visible Korean project. After stacking the outlines of the structures, other than those of the ligaments, surface reconstruction was performed. The resultant surface models were placed in a PDF file, in which the models could be superimposed on either the corresponding sectioned images or the color-filled outline images. PDF bookmarks were established to exhibit the groups of foot muscles conveniently. The PDF file prepared in this research is likely to be very useful for comprehension of the topographic anatomy of the foot muscles. The models it contains can be extracted by other researchers for their own virtual dissection or surgery visualization of foot as desired.

El objetivo de este estudio fue un archivo en formato de documento portátil (PDF) que contiene modelos de superficie estereoscópicas del pie. Mientras que otros modelos de superficie se dibujan subjetivamente sobre la base de los conocimientos anatómicos, nuestros modelos seccionados se reconstruyen a partir de imágenes de alta calidad. A diferencia de otros modelos, nuestro modelo en el archivo PDF también se puede guardar en los computadores de los usuarios individuales para ser manipulados fuera de línea. Se delineó la piel, 27 huesos, 24 músculos, y 19 ligamentos en los pies de un cadáver de sexo masculino del proyecto Visible Korean. Después de apilar los contornos de las estructuras, que no fuera las de los ligamentos, se llevó a cabo la reconstrucción de las superficies. Los modelos de superficie resultantes se colocan en un archivo PDF, en el que los modelos podrían ser superpuestos en cualquiera de las correspondientes imágenes seccionadas o las imágenes de contorno a color. Se establecieron marcadores de PDF para exhibir los grupos de músculos del pie cómodamente. El archivo PDF preparado de esta investigación probablemente sea muy útil para la comprensión de la anatomía topográfica de los músculos del pie. Los modelos que contiene pueden ser extraídos por otros investigadores para la disección o cirugía de visualización virtual de los pies.

Virtual movement of the ankle and subtalar joints using cadaver surface models / Movimiento virtual de las articulaciones talocrural y subtalar utilizando modelos de superficie de cadáveres

Medical students in the dissection room do not fully understand the ankle joint for dorsiflexion and plantar flexion as well as the subtalar joint for inversion and eversion. Thus, a three-dimensional simulation of the movements would be beneficial as a complementary pedagogic tool. The bones and five muscles (tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, fibularis longus, fibularis brevis, and fibularis tertius) of the left ankle and foot were outlined in serially sectioned cadaver images from the Visible Korean project. The outlines were verified and revised; and were stacked to build surface models using Mimics software. Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion were simulated using the models on Maya to determine the mediolateral axis. Then, inversion and eversion were done to determine the anteroposterior axis. The topographic relationship of the two axes with the five affecting muscles was examined to demonstrate correctness. The models were placed in a PDF file, with which users were capable of mixed display of structures. The stereoscopic image data, developed in this investigation, clearly explain ankle movement. These graphic contents, accompanied by the sectioned images, are expected to facilitate the development of simulation for the medical students' learning and the orthopedic surgeons' clinical trial.

Los estudiantes de medicina en la sala de disección no entienden completamente la dorsiflexión y flexión plantar de la articulación talocrural, así como la inversión y eversión de la articulación subtalar. Por tanto, la simulación 3D de estos movimientos resultaría beneficiosa como herramienta pedagógica complementaria. Los huesos y cinco músculos (tibial anterior, tibial posterior, fibular largo, fibular corto y fibular tercero), se describen en imágenes del proyecto "Visible Korean", de cadáveres seccionados en serie. Los contornos fueron verificados, revisados, y agrupados para construir modelos de superficie utilizando el programa Mimics. Los movimientos de dorsiflexión y flexión plantar fueron simulados utilizando los modelos generados en el programa Maya, para determinar el eje mediolateral. La inversión y eversión se realizó para determinar el eje anteroposterior. Se examinó la relación topográfica de los dos ejes con los cinco músculos estudiados para demostrar la exactitud de movimientos. Los modelos fueron colocados en un archivo PDF, mediante el cual los usuarios fueron capaces de obtener una visualización combinada de las estructuras. Los datos procedentes de imágenes estereoscópicas, obtenidos en esta investigación, permiten explicar claramente el movimiento de las articualciones talocrural y subtalar. Estos contenidos gráficos, acompañados de las imágenes seccionadas, facilitarán el desarrollo de la simulación en el aprendizaje de los estudiantes y su uso en ensayos clínicos por parte de cirujanos ortopédicos.

Virtual dissection table including the Visible Korean images, complemented by free software of the same data / Mesa de disección virtual que incluye las imágenes de Visible Korean, complementadas por programa de libre acceso con igual información

The objective of this study was to introduce the complementary relationship between virtual dissection table (simply, table) and free software, since authors tried to aid interested people in their studying digital human anatomy. Visible Korean (VK) team had presented the serially sectioned images and outlined images of a male cadaver. Thereafter, Anatomage (San Jose, CA) manufactured the table by making 3-dimensional (3D) volume models from the data. Separately, the VK team reconstructed surface models from the same data and inputted the models in portable document format (PDF) file, which can be opened on the personal computer. The software to browse the sectioned and outlined images was also programmed by VK team. In this report, the table and the VK free software were compared to establish their supplementary potentiality. Both the table and free software displayed equivalent 3D models reconstructed from the same sectioned images. In both platforms, the models were labeled for users to recognize the individual structures. Both the table and the free software had respective features to enhance the virtual dissecting experience. The table came with its designated hardware with life-sized display, whereas VK software could be run in any personal computer without burden. The coexistence of the table and free software will enrich the people learning anatomy. With increasing VK data and free software, more and more commercial or complimentary products are expected to be produced.

El objetivo de este estudio fue introducir la relación complementaria entre una mesa virtual de disección (simplemente, la mesa) y un programa de libre acceso. Mediante este proceso los autores trataron de ayudar a aquellas personas interesadas en el estudio de la anatomía humana digital. El equipo Visible Korean (VK) había presentado las imágenes de secciones consecutivas e imágenes de un cadáver de sexo masculino. Partiendo de ese punto, la compañía Anatomage fabricó la mesa produciendo con los datos modelos dimensionales de volumen (3D). En forma paralela, el equipo VK reconstruyó los modelos de superficie con los mismos datos y de entrada de los modelos en formato de documento portátil (PDF), que se pudieran abrir en el ordenador personal. El equipo VK además lo programó para navegar a través de las imágenes seccionadas y descritas. En este informe, la mesa y el programa VK fueron comparados para establecer su potencialidad complementaria. Tanto la mesa como el programa de libre acceso muestran modelos 3D equivalentes reconstruidos a partir de las mismas imágenes seccionadas. En ambas plataformas, se marcaron los modelos para que los usuarios reconozcan las estructuras individuales. Tanto la mesa y el programa libre tenían características respectivas para mejorar la experiencia de disección virtual. La mesa incluía el hardware designado con la pantalla de tamaño natural, mientras que el programa VK podía ser ejecutado en cualquier ordenador personal sin dificultad alguna. La coexistencia de la mesa y el programa libre pueden ser un apoyo importante para quienes estudien anatomía. Con el aumento de los datos de VK y el programa libre, se espera que exista una mayor cantidad de productos comerciales o gratuitos.

Virtual Endoscopic and Laparoscopic Exploration of Stomach Wall Based on a Cadaver's Sectioned Images

We intended to determine that virtual endoscopy and laparoscopy of the stomach based on serially sectioned cadaver images is beneficial. Therefore, the outlines between the gastric wall and lumen were traced using the new female data of the Visible Korean to build a volume model. While the outlines were expanded at appropriate thicknesses, the stomach was observed endoscopically and laparoscopically in comparison with a chosen sectioned image. Four layers (mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, and serosa) of the stomach were discernible by their proper colors in the sectioned images. All layers except the submucosa were identified in the endoscopic and laparoscopic views by using consistent colors. The stepwise expansion of the outlines revealed thickness of each layer as well as whether the thickness was uniform. Our ideas and the Visible Korean images could be a robust resource of virtual reality learning for medical students and clinicians.

Hip joint ligaments, a cadaver imaging study for education / Ligamentos de cadera, un estudio cadavérico imagenológico para educación

The stereoscopic morphology of the iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral ligaments in hip joint is hard to understand, either in anatomy books or from cadaver dissection. To aid in understanding, three-dimensional models were built from the sectioned images of cadaver hip, which demonstrate fine components better than CTs and MRIs. In the female data of Visible Korean project, the ligaments and neighboring structures were recognized and outlined in detail. Successively, the outlines were stacked and reconstructed to manufacture their surface models by using the sophisticated computer method. The surface models were overlapped with the original sectioned images, which enhanced comprehension of the hip joint anatomy. With the surface models, hip joint was hyperextended to suggest the function of the ligaments. The graphic data of the surface reconstructed hip ligaments are expected to be the source of interactive simulators for anatomy and surgery of the hip joint.

La morfología estereoscópica de los ligamentos iliofemoral, pubofemoral e isquiofemoral de la articulación de la cadera es difícil de entender, ya sea a partir de lo hallado en los libros de anatomía como en la disección de cadáveres. Para ayudar en su comprensión, se construyeron modelos tridimensionales a partir de imágenes de secciones cadavéricas de la cadera, que demuestran de mejor manera los componentes finos, en comparación a las imágenes de tomografía axial computada y resonancia magnética nuclear. En los datos obtenidos del "Visible Korean Project", correspondientes a mujeres, los ligamentos de la articulación y sus estructuras vecinas fueron reconocidos y descritos en detalle. Sucesivamente, se identificaron los contornos y se reconstruyeron para la fabricación de modelos de superficie, mediante el uso de un sofisticado método informático. Los modelos de superficie se asociaron con las imágenes de sección originales, que aumentaron la comprensión de la anatomía de la articulación de la cadera. En los modelos de superficie se provocó la hipertensión de la articulación de la cadera para permitir evidenciar la función de los ligamentos. Se espera que los datos gráficos obtenidos de los modelos de superficie de los ligamentos de la cadera sirvan como fuente para el desarrollo de simuladores interactivos que permitan el estudio de la anatomía y la cirugía de la articulación de la cadera.

Application value of three-dimensional female pelvic visualization modeling on transvaginal gynecological ultrasound imaging / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective To explore the application value of three-dimensional (3D) female pelvic visualization model on transvaginal gynecological ultrasound imaging.Methods The second digital Chinese woman visible human datasets was selected,and a female pelvicvoxel-based model was constructed in Amira software for analog simulation combined with transvaginal gynecological ultrasound.The main structures and the space position variation of female pelvic cavity were observed,and the comparison study with conventional section of ultrasound was carried out.Results A high accuracy 3D visualization model of female pelvic was successfully constructed,and the anatomy structures can be dynamically and clearly displayed in any section orientation.An analog simulation research was carried out according to the scan mode of gynecological ultrasound,and a series of high resolution images consistent with scan sections of dynamic ultrasound were obtained,which had provided the optimal scan pathway for the fast inspection of the uterus,fallopian tubes and ovaries.Conclusion The 3D female pelvic visualization model based on digital Chinese woman human datasets has provided detailed and accurate anatomy information for transvaginal gynecological ultrasound imaging,which could be the benefit for doctors to understand the ultrasound images of female pelvic,as well as the accurate positioning ability to the lesions of female pelvic cavity.

Portable Document Format File Showing the Surface Models of Cadaver Whole Body

In the Visible Korean project, 642 three-dimensional (3D) surface models have been built from the sectioned images of a male cadaver. It was recently discovered that popular PDF file enables users to approach the numerous surface models conveniently on Adobe Reader. Purpose of this study was to present a PDF file including systematized surface models of human body as the beneficial contents. To achieve the purpose, fitting software packages were employed in accordance with the procedures. Two-dimensional (2D) surface models including the original sectioned images were embedded into the 3D surface models. The surface models were categorized into systems and then groups. The adjusted surface models were inserted to a PDF file, where relevant multimedia data were added. The finalized PDF file containing comprehensive data of a whole body could be explored in varying manners. The PDF file, downloadable freely from the homepage (http://anatomy.co.kr), is expected to be used as a satisfactory self-learning tool of anatomy. Raw data of the surface models can be extracted from the PDF file and employed for various simulations for clinical practice. The technique to organize the surface models will be applied to manufacture of other PDF files containing various multimedia contents.

Surface models of the male urogenital organs built from the Visible Korean using popular software / 대한해부학회지

Unlike volume models, surface models, which are empty three-dimensional images, have a small file size, so they can be displayed, rotated, and modified in real time. Thus, surface models of male urogenital organs can be effectively applied to an interactive computer simulation and contribute to the clinical practice of urologists. To create high-quality surface models, the urogenital organs and other neighboring structures were outlined in 464 sectioned images of the Visible Korean male using Adobe Photoshop; the outlines were interpolated on Discreet Combustion; then an almost automatic volume reconstruction followed by surface reconstruction was performed on 3D-DOCTOR. The surface models were refined and assembled in their proper positions on Maya, and a surface model was coated with actual surface texture acquired from the volume model of the structure on specially programmed software. In total, 95 surface models were prepared, particularly complete models of the urinary and genital tracts. These surface models will be distributed to encourage other investigators to develop various kinds of medical training simulations. Increasingly automated surface reconstruction technology using commercial software will enable other researchers to produce their own surface models more effectively.

Visualization and surgical simulation of female pelvis based on virtual reality / 中国医学影像技术

Objective To implement visualization and surgical simulation of female pelvis based on virtual reality. Methods The successive cross-section images of pelvic part from a Chinese Visible Human (CVH) dataset were adopted. The important organs in pelvis were segmented initially. Then the VRML-based visualization and Dextrobeam-based virtual surgery simulation were carried out. Results A networked pelvic model and a surgical model were constructed with virtual reality techniques. The organs and structures in pelvis could be displayed clearly and the simulated surgical operations could be performed. Conclusion The application of virtual reality techniques can facilitate the anatomical teaching and surgery design. More significantly, a realistic practice platform will be provided for medical education and training.